Review Speculators in Empire Iroquoia and the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix

a 1634 palisade between Queen and College creeks (red line) isolated the eastern half of the Peninsula, but the Treaty of 1646 required Native Americans to habiliment a badge or striped coat anywhere between the James/York rivers east of the Autumn Line (blue line)
Map Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

the annual tribute is now the ceremonial delivery of a deer
Source: Twitter, November 21, 2018 tweet

the 1646 treaty required Native Americans to visit Fort Purple on the Pamunkey River or Fort Charles on the James River, or to visit Fort Henry or the home of John Floyd across the Appomattox River, to obtain special badges and striped coats that had to exist worn in the area reserved for colonists
Map Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

the 1646 treaty reserved lands north of the York River for Native Americans - but included a loophole to allow colonial settlement downstream from Poropotank River (which today defines a portion of the purlieus between Gloucester County and Rex and Queen County
Map Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

mismamagement by colonists at the 1656 Boxing of Bloody Run left the Full general Assembly feeling inclined to repay the Pamunkeys and other Native American allies
Source: Virginia Memory, Map of Richmond, Ellyson, 1856

1677 Treaty of Middle Plantation (and 1680 addendum)

- negotiated in 1677 after conclusion of Bacon'south Rebellion, in which tribes at peace with Virginia government had been attacked past rebels led by Nathaniel Salary

- terms were defined by iii royal commissioners (Lieutenant Governor Herbert Jefferies, Sir John Berry, and Francis Morison) who controlled colonial government afterwards they forced Gov. William Berkeley to render to England

- Cockacoeske ("Queen of Pamunkey") signed for non only Pamunkey, but likewise for Chickahominy and Rappahannock tribes (English colonists wanted to centralize authorization and simplify their control, only other tribes refused to accept subordinate status)

- signed separately by Cockacoeske'due south son (Captain John Due west), the queen of the Wyanoke, king of the Nottoway, and king of the Nansemond

- English refused to allow king of the Appomatucks to sign in 1677, because they thought he was responsible for unrequited expiry of colonists

- additional tribes that signed in 1680 included leaders of the Appomatucks (finally), Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Siouan-speaking Monacan and Saponi, plus Nanzatico (Nantaughtacund), Portabaco, and an additional Nansemond rex⁴

- established a reservation in King William Canton (because the now-divide Mattaponi and Pamunkey reservations were established a century before the The states was created, the legal basis for those reservations is based on Virginia state law rather than Federal constabulary.)

- confirmed Native Americans would not have to pay quit rents on their reservation land, but required almanac symbolic payment of three arrows to the colonial governor in addition to the twenty beaver skins as required in 1646 (a formalism souvenir of deer and/or turkeys is presented to the Virginia governor every year effectually Thanksgiving, to award this treaty)

- banned enslavement of Native Americans who belonged to groups that were friendly with the English

- required friendly Native Americans "having notice of whatsoever March of strange Indians near the English Quarters or Plantations" to alert the English language near threats from Susquehanna from Pennsylvania, Iroquois from New York, etc.

- alleged Native Americans would be "Secured and Defended in their Persons, Goods and Properties, confronting all hurts and injuries of the English language" and anyone committing a crime would be punished according to "the Laws of England or this Countrey," suggesting an equal protection of civil rights for both Native Americans and colonists "which is just simply and reasonable, they owning themselves to exist under the Allegiance of His most Sacred Majesty"

- created buffer zone of 3 miles effectually Native American towns, and fabricated clear colonists could not settle within that zone and would be removed if they tried:⁵

"Whereas past the mutaull discontents, Complaints, jealousies, and feares of English and Indians occasioned past the violent intrusions of divers English into their lands, forceing the Indians past way of Revenge, to kill the Cattle & hoggs of the English, whereby offence, and injuries beingness given, and done on boeth sides, the peace of this his Majesties Colony hath bin much disturbed, and the tardily unhappy Rebellion by this means in a great measure begunne & fomented which hath involved this State into soe much Ruine, & misery, for prevention of which injuries and evill consequences as much as possible we may for time to come information technology is hereby concluded and enacted that noe English, shall seate or establish nearer and then three miles of whatever Indian towne, and whosoever hath made or shall make any encroachment upon their Lands shall be removed from thence...

authorized Native Americans who were part of treaty to chase, fish, and gather plants on lands outside reservation, afterwards first receiving a certificate from an English magistrate

marks of Native American leaders who signed the Treaty of Heart Plantation in 1677
Map Source: College of William and Mary, Manufactures of peace between the well-nigh serene and mighty Prince Charles II. by the grace of God, king of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. and several Indian kings and queens, &c. : Concluded the 29th day of May, 1677

in 1690, the Nottoway tribe brought their annual tribute payment to the governor of Virginia in Jamestown
Map Source: National Park Service, Jamestown in the Winter of 1690 (painting by Keith Rocco)

Source: Governor of Virginia, Governor Northam Hosts 343rd Annual Indian Tax Tribute Anniversary, Commemorates Native American Heritage Month in Virginia

1679 Albany Conference

- established the "Covenant Concatenation" linking English and Iroquois, later Bacons Rebellion in Virginia and King Philips State of war in New England

- fabricated allies of English language and Iroquois, who were competing in beaver wars with Huron and other tribes trading furs with French in Montreal

- permitted Iroquois to hunt and travel trough Manahoac lands, blocked Algonquian tribes in Tidewater from Piedmont

negotiations involving the Iroquois in New York and Pennsylvania including presentation of wampum belts with unlike color chaplet creating specific patterns to emphasize fundamental points or "words" spoken by the Native American leaders, and those belts could exist brought to futurity meetings to renew understandings and commitments - while the colonists preferred to document negotiations in written treaties
Source: Frank G. Speck, The Penn wampum belts (opposite p.12, p.16)

1684 Albany agreement ("Lord Howard's treaty")

- after Salary'due south Rebellion ended in 1676, Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Oneida were conducting raids southward into Virginia Piedmont, seeking to command local tribes plus Piscataway and Susquehannock disrupted by Maryland/Virginia forces

- Virginia governor Lord Howard of Effingham (called "Assarigoa" by the Iroquois) traveled from Virginia to Albany to negotiate with the Iroquois in concert with the New York governor, Col. Thomas Dongan (called "Corlear" by the Iroquois, every bit were all the New York governors)

- Virginia governor's primary objective was to end warfare in Virginia's western borderlands

- New York governor's primary objective was to retain control over all colonial negotiations with Iroquois, preventing cosmos of a new "council fire" in Virginia which might atomic number 82 to fur trade being diverted away from Albany

- Iroquois's master objective was to affirm control over Native American groups living in Pennsylvania west of Susquehanna River and in Maryland/Virginia Piedmont (specifically the Cahnawaas - likewise known as the Conoy, remnants of the Piscataway), to increment power/population of the Five Nations and to facilitate connected raids south to attack the Saponi, Cherokee, and others

- Seneca, who kept the "western gate" of the Iroquois confederacy, were raiding as far west every bit Mississippi River and threatening to establish control over fur trade

- threat of any Virginia attack on Iroquois to stop raids was ended by higher priority of ensuring Seneca were at peace with English and directed trade to Albany, rather than French-controlled Montreal

- Mohawks and Senecas agreed the Iroquois "must not come near the Heads of your Rivers, nor nigh your Plantations, but keep at the Human foot of the Mountains"^vi

- from Iroquois perspective, agreement blocked English settlement in Iroquois-controlled Piedmont at base of Blue Ridge, and that territory was used for hunting and travel on Shenandoah Hunting Path/Old Carolina Route until 1722 Treaty of Albany

- colonists built a blockhouse 15 miles west of the Fall Line (on the western edge of the modern Quantico Marine Corps Base) to protect settlers expected to occupy the Brent Town Grant, in recognition that Iroquois raiding parties would be traveling through the Piedmont^seven

the French repelled Seneca attacks on Fort St. Louis (yellow ellipse) on the Illinois River, just in recognition of Iroquois power Governor Howard minimized his demands in 1684 in exchange for promises to travel/hunt through the western Piedmont, away from the colonial tobacco quarters and farms being settled west of the Autumn Line
Source: Library of Congress, Franquelin'due south map of Louisiana (originally created around 1684)

King James II made the Brent Town Grant soon after the Iroquois agreed to "go along at the Foot of the Mountains," and the location of the block firm constructed near Dorrell's Run to protect settlers from possible raids (blood-red X) indicates how piddling of the Piedmont was controlled past the colonists
Source: Library of Congress, A map of the virtually inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole province of Maryland with part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and N Carolina (by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson, 1755)

1701 Nanfan Human activity

- during the Beaver Wars in the 1640'south, the Iroquois conquered the Huron, Petun, Neutral, and other tribes in Southern Ontario

- betwixt 1689-1700, Iroquois population was reduced 50% by fighting with French and the western tribes during King William'southward War; Mississauga and their allies pushed Iroquois out of Ontario by 1700

- in 1701, the Five Nations (the Tuscarora had not joined nonetheless) granted their claims to the Beaver Hunting Grounds to the English, claiming ownership by Right of Conquest of the land:^eight

formerly posest [possessed] by seaven nations of Indians called the Aragaritka whom by a fair warr wee subdued and drove from thence four score years agoe bringing many of them captives to our country and soe became to be the true owners of the aforementioned by conquest

- the Iroquois transferred a block of land "in length about eight hundred miles and in bredth four hundred miles" (including lands west to the Illinois River and extending far south of the conquered territory down to the Ohio River) because they did not control it and sought to get English to conquer information technology for them, but French were too powerful and established fort at Detroit in 1701

- in 1726, when colonial settlement was outset to push button the Iroquois westward from their homelands, the human activity was modified to authorize Iroquois settlement in a strip of land 60 miles broad along Lake Ontario and Lake Erie

- Nanfan Deed is cited equally ground for Canadian government to allow modernistic Iroquois to hunt in Southern Ontario's Short Hills Provincial Park⁹

in 1701 the interim colonial governor of New York, John Nanfan, caused the western lands claimed past the Iroquois after their success in the Beaver Wars)
Source: Wikipedia, Nanfan Treaty

starting in 1755, John Mitchell published maps that were used past the English to assert their claims to lands in North America that were also claimed past the French
Source: David Rumsey Map Drove, Map of the British and French Dominions in Northward America (by John Mitchell, 1757)

1722 Treaty of Albany

- Governor Spotswood of Virginia and governors of Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York agreed to cooperate in treaty negotiations, despite competition for merchandise with dissimilar tribes

- treaty renewed the Covenant Chain linking English and Iroquois, while limiting the influence of the French

- Spotswood obtained Virginia's primary objective when Iroquois agreed to stay to westward of the Blue Ridge and not cross into Piedmont south of the Potomac River, confirming previous deals in formal treaty:¹⁰

- we concord to this Article & faithfully promise not to pass over the great River Kahongoronton which the English phone call Potowmack nor the smashing Rid[g]eastward of Mountains which extend along your Frontiers

- prohibited the Iroquois and their subordinate tribes from occupying whatever previous settlements east of Bluish Ridge, blocking whatsoever return to the fort that Piscataway (Conoy) had occupied on Potomac River at what is now called Heater's Isle nigh Point of Rocks, downstream from the Route 15 bridge¹¹

- terminal treaty in which the remnants of the Powhatan tribes participated¹²

the Piscataways that had lived on Conoy (now Heater'southward) Isle from 1699 until perhaps 1718 could not return even if they had wanted to, after the 1722 Treaty of Albany blocked the Iroquois and subordinate tribes from living eastward of the Blueish Ridge
Map Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

the later Virginia interpretation of the 1722 treaty at Albany was that the Iroquois had ceded claims to the Shenandoah Valley, when they agreed not to cantankerous "the great Ridge of Mountains which extend along your Frontiers"
Source: Lewis Evans, A general map of the middle British colonies, Library of Congress

1744 Treaty of Lancaster

- negotiations started after 1742 fight ("Massacre of Balcony Downs") between Iroquois and colonial settlers nearly the confluence of the Maury and James rivers, in which Captain John McDowell (surveyor of the Borden Grant) died

- in 1742 the Virginians had not recognized passes issued to Iroquois past Pennsylvania officials for condom passage to go fight Catawbas; a nearby stream is still known as Battle Run¹³

- in Treaty of Lancaster, Iroquois sold Virginia their claims to lands west of the Bluish Ridge, making a:

Disclaimer and Renunciation of all their Claim or pretence of Correct whatsoever of the said six nations and an acknowledgement of the Correct of our Sovereign the Rex of Swell Uk to all the Country in the said Colony of Virginia...

...the said Sachims or Chiefs on behalf of the said Half-dozen Nations Practise hereby renounce and disclaim not only all the Right of the said Six Nations but likewise recognize and acknowledge the Right and Title of our Sovereign the King of Bully Uk to all the Land within the said the said Colony as information technology is now or hereafter may exist peopled and divisional by his said Majesty our Sovereign Lord the Male monarch

- 1744 negotiations were required because Iroquois had interpreted 1722 Treaty of Albany phrase "the great Ridge of Mountains which extend along your Frontiers" to be the Blueish Ridge, defining a natural barrier separating colonial vs. Native American territory

- Virginians argued in 1744 that 1722 Treaty of Albany permitted colonial settlement across Blue Ridge in the "Back Parts" of Virginia equally far as colonial boundaries stretched, and the only the Virginia-centrolineal tribes had been blocked from moving westward across the mountains:

the white People [are not] prohibited to pass and settle to the Westward of the Swell Mountains. It is the Indians tributary to Virginia, that are restrained, equally you and your tributary Indians are from passing to the Eastward of the same Mountains, or to the Due south of the Cohongorooton

- during negotiations, Iroquois described how the 1722 Treaty of Albany had failed to eliminate conflict considering colonists settled on lands west of the Blue Ridge:

Y'all may remember, that about twenty years ago you had a treaty with us at Albany, when y'all took a chugalug of wampum, and made a fence with information technology on the Middle of the Hill [which the Iroquois considered to be the Blueish Ridge], and told usa, that if whatever of the warriors of the Vi Nations came on your side of the Middle of the Colina, you would hang them; and yous gave usa liberty to do the same with any of your people who should be institute on our side of the Eye of the Hill. This is the Hill we mean, and we want that treaty may be now confirmed.

Later we left Albany, we brought our road a groovy bargain more than to the due west, that we might comply with your proposal; simply, tho' it was of your ain making, your people never observed it, but came and lived on our side of the Colina, which we don't arraign y'all for, as you alive at a great distance, almost the seas, and cannot be thought to know what your people practise in the back-parts: And on their settling, contrary to your ain proposal, on our new route, it cruel out that our warriors did some injure to your people's cattle, of which a complaint was made, and transmitted to us by our Brother Onas; and we, at his request, altered the route once again, and brought information technology to the human foot of the Bully Mountain, where it at present is; and information technology is impossible for us to remove it any further to the westward, those parts of the state beingness absolutely impassable past either human being or animate being.

We had not been long in the apply of this new road before your people came, similar flocks of birds, and sat down on both sides of it...

- in 1744, "the great Ridge of Mountains which extend along your Frontiers" was clarified to be the Alleghenies - not the Blue Ridge, thus ensuring Iroquois would let Virginia colonists to settle in the Shenandoah Valley

- Treaty of Lancaster authorized Iroquois to apply the "Corking Road" through Shenandoah Valley in order to achieve Yadkin River in western N Carolina

- the English language had hoped to adjust peace between Southern Indians (Catawbas) and eliminate the desire of Iroquois to travel due south of the Potomac River, but promised to allow travel west of the Blue Ridge:¹⁴

...if you lot desire a Route, we will concur to one on the Terms of the Treaty you lot fabricated with Colonel Spotswood, and your People, behaving themselves orderly similar Friends and Brethren, shall be used in their Passage through Virginia with the fame Kindness as they are when they laissez passer through the Lands of your Brother Onas [i.eastward., Pennsylvania].

- Iroquois interpreted new boundary of "all the Land in the said Colony of Virginia" (as stated in 1744 Treaty of Lancaster, and later the western purlieus of authorized colonial settlement defined in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix) to be the Ohio River; Iroquois relinquished claims to lands west of Ohio River but subsequently American Revolution in the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Battle Run was reportedly named for the 1742 fight between colonists and Iroquois
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

in 1744, the Treaty of Lancaster authorized the Iroquois to travel through the Shenandoah Valley to reach the Yadkin river, crossing the Bluish Ridge at the Roanoke River h2o gap
Source: Library of Congress, A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole province of Maryland with part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and North Carolina (by Joshua Fry/Peter Jefferson, 1751)

1747 Treaty of Philadelphia

- Native Americans in Ohio River valley surprised colonists by appearing uninvited in Philadelphia and requesting British military activity against the French

- delegation consisted of young "nephews" of older "uncles" in Six Nations, warriors rather than chiefs, and not authorized past Iroquois based in New York to make deals with colonial leaders

- delegation fabricated clear that Iroquois direction from New York to stay neutral in Rex George's War had been rejected in Ohio River valley: "the immature Indians, the Warriors, and Captains, consulted together, and resolved to take upwardly the English Hatchet against the Will of their quondam People, and to lay their old People aside, equally of no Use but in Fourth dimension of Peace ¹⁵

- Ohio River valley Native Americans were rebelling against Iroquois efforts to boss lands west of New York, and in competition with the center of Iroquois controlling at Onondaga had chosen to "kindle a fire" on the Ohio River

- western Native Americans were frustrated by temporary lack of trading goods and gifts from French at Niagara and Detroit, caused by English navy's effective blockade of trade between France and St. Lawrence River during King George'southward War

- key Native American leader of 1747 delegation at Philadelphia was Scaroudy, a fellow member of Oneida nation who lived on Ohio River and served as liaison with Six Nations in New York; key colonial interpreter/negotiator advising the Council of Pennsylvania was Conrad Weiser

- Pennsylvanians saw opportunity to establish direct trade with western tribes, increasing profits in Pennsylvania by cut 6 Nations and Governor-General of New York out of deals

- 1747 Native American trip to Philadelphia succeeded in arranging for more direct negotiations¹⁶

in their diplomatic disputes with the French during the 1700's, the English language claimed that they had gained control over the Iroquois and by Right of Conquest had the legal right to all lands under Iroquois control
Source: Yale University, A Map of the country of the V Nations, belonging to the province of New York; and of the lakes nearly which the nations of far Indians live, with part of Canada (by Cadwallader Colden, 1747)

1748 Treaty of Lancaster

- 2 conferences were held at Lancaster, Pennsylvania following the end of King George'due south War, during which English traders had gained influence because the French could non transport new trade goods across the Atlantic Ocean for Native American customers in the interior of North America

- Pennsylvania traders sought to bypass the command exerted by the Governor-General in New York ("Corleaer"), and then conferences held at Lancaster Pennsylvania rather than at the traditional "council fire" in Albany New York

- Native American groups in Ohio River valley, supposedly nether the authority of the Six Nations, sought to bypass that authority and create a split confederacy to bargain directly with Pennsylvania traders

- Native American leaders Scaroudy and Tanaghrisson (based at Logstown) were known equally "Half-Kings" in Ohio River valley, because they were non authorized by Six Nations in New York to negotiate last deals direct

- at initial April, 1748 conference, Maryland declined to participate and Virginia relied on Conrad Weiser (who was Pennsylvania's Indian agent) to distribute gifts rather than send a Virginian

- initial deal granted simply Pennsylvania the rights to land and trade, triggering Virginia and Maryland to attend a "do-over" in July, 1748

- July conference gave rights to the Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania colonies without clarifying how each would define its claims

- briefing established a Chain of Friendship between Pennsylvania-Ohio River groups (including "Twightwee" or Miami), separate from Covenant Concatenation created betwixt New York-Half-dozen Nations¹⁷

Benjamin Franklin printed copies of treaty documents, including the speeches of the negotiators
Source: Internet Annal, Indian treaties printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736-1762

until the English language expelled the French from Northward America in 1763, the English language merits to western lands was based on their conquest of the Iroquois and the claim that the Iroquois had established an empire with control over western tribes
Source: Library of Congress, A map of the British and French dominions in North America (by John Mitchell, 1774)

1752 Treaty of Logstown

- Logstown/Logg'south Town emerged in the tardily 1740'south every bit the key location for merchandise and negotiations between agents of the Pennsylvania/Virginia colonies and leaders of the Mingos, Shawnee, and Delawares (Lenape) in the upper Ohio River Valley

- Mingo headman Tanaghrisson (the Half King) and Virginia/Pennsylvania traders combined efforts to block attempts by the Wyandots, an Iroquoian-speaking group who had moved from French-controlled Detroit into the Beaver River Valley, to have negotiations occur at their boondocks of Kuskusky (near mod New Castle, Pennsylvania)

- in 1749 the Ohio Company established its base of operations on the Potomac River at the site of modern Cumberland, Maryland and sought to proceeds some sort of blessing past the Iroquois for colonial settlement

- in 1750-51, Virginia and Pennsylvania agents (Christopher Gist, George Croghan, and Andrew Montour) travelled through the Ohio Land and convinced various groups to come to Logstown for treaty negotiations (information technology helped that French traders based in Canada and Detroit were offering inferior goods at higher prices, and French officials were demanding to accept excessive control over local tribes)

- in 1752, commissioners representing both Virginia and the Ohio Company (including James Patton) negotiated primarily with Tanaghrisson to go authorization for the Ohio Visitor to build a blockhouse at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers (Forks of the Ohio)

- George Croghan, as the Pennsylvania interpreter/representative, supported the primacy of Virginia authority to brand the deal because Pennsylvania would not laurels his side organisation to claim 200,000 acres in his ain name

- Tanaghrisson feared negotiators would bypass him and bargain directly with Shawnee/Delaware leaders, if he continued to oppose construction of Ohio Company blockhouse

- Tanaghrisson claimed to act as the representative of the Iroquois Confederacy, and told colonial negotiators that he had crowned Shingas equally a Delaware "rex"

- the Delaware main, Shingas, asserted he had independent say-so as he canonical the treaty that express Delaware and Shawnee claims s of the Ohio River

- the French response to the treaty was to send a strength to build concatenation of forts from Lake Erie into Ohio River Valley, including Presqu'ile, Fort le Boeuf, and Fort Duquesne at the Forks of the Ohio¹⁸

Logg's Town was established effectually 1748 by the Seneca headman Tanaghrisson, downstream from the Forks of the Ohio (where the French congenital Fort Duquesne)
Source: Library of Congress, A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole province of Maryland with part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and North Carolina (by Joshua Fry/Peter Jefferson, 1751)

the rival boondocks of the Wyandot's was Kuskusky on the Beaver River, simply George Croghan, Conrad Weiser, and Cristopher Gist insisted on doing business concern at Logg's Town with Tanaghrisson as the representative of the Iroquois Confederacy
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

1754 Albany Congress

- Lord Halifax and other officials in London anticipated the 1748 Treat of Aix-la-Chapelle would non hold and state of war would erupt again between England and French republic

- in 1753 the Board of Trade directed colonial governors of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, New York, New Bailiwick of jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to convene a articulation coming together with the Iroquois and resolve their complaints together:¹⁹

accept care that all the Provinces be (if practicable) comprized in one general Treaty to be made in his Majesty's name it appearing to us that the practise of each province making a split Treaty for itself in its own name is very improper and may be attended with groovy inconveniency to his Majesty'due south service.

- Benjamin Franklin, a negotiator for Pennsylvania, advanced a plan of union for the colonies modelled in part on the confederation between the Six Nations; included a President-General appointed by the monarch in England and a Thousand Council chosen by the colonial assemblies and coming together at least annually, marriage would centralize negotiation of all treaties with Native Americans; provincial assemblies opposed loss of colonial authorization while London officials focused on only the war effort²⁰

- Virginia sent no representative to Albany meeting; Conrad Weiser (interpreter for Pennsylvania) represented Virginia'south interests

- Connecticut's Susquehanna Company purchased land directly from Iroquois fifty-fifty though information technology was located within the boundaries of Penn's patent, and Pennsylvania representatives besides fabricated a separate land purchase for that colony²¹

- the Covenant Chain was "brightened" at Albany, but that did not succeed in uniting the Six Nations on the British side during the French and Indian State of war

Benjamin Franklin illustrated his argument fabricated at Albany in 1754 for a colonial union with a graphic editorial
Source: Library of Congress, Bring together or Die (analogy in The Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754)

in 1754 Benjamin Franklin (second from left, leaning on cane) discussed the Plan of Albany uniting the colonies with his son William Franklin from New Jersey (far left) and others, including the men on his correct - Governor Thomas Hutchinson (Massachusetts), Governor William Delancey (New York), Sir William Johnson (Massachusetts), Colonel Benjamin Tasker (Maryland)
Source: Architect of the Capitol, The Albany Congress, 1754

1758 Treaty of Easton

- Native Americans in Ohio Land wanted English colonists to honor previous commitments to keep settlers out of region once French were expelled

- signed at eastern Pennsylvania at Forks of the Delaware River (Easton) during French and Indian War later on two years of negotiations, but before French abandoned Fort Duquesne as General Forbes approached

- since Braddock had been defeated three years before, colonial leaders in Pennsylvania wanted to ensure Delaware (Lenape) would not support French

- Sir William Johnson, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern Commune, and Vi Nations (Iroquois) treated Delaware in negotiations equally subordinate to Iroquois, in part because erratic Delaware leader Teedyuscung got drunkard

- Johnson said the Ohio River watershed separate would be the western limit of colonial expansion, and promised to reserve Ohio River watershed as Native American territory

- English failed to fulfill hope in Treaty of Easton to reserve Ohio River watershed for Native Americans and built forts west of Fort Pitt

- failure to keep settlers away from Ohio River led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when General Jeffrey Amherst sent blankets used by smallpox patients to infect the Delaware²²

the Six Nations - Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Tuscarora, Oneida, and Mohawk - maintained a peace called the Covenant Concatenation with the English from the 1670'south until the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1753
Source: Map of the Iroquois confederacy, 1736-1762 (frontispiece to Indian treaties printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736-1762, 1938 edition)

1763 Treaty of Paris

- after military defeat in the French and Indian State of war, the French ceded claims to lands north of the Ohio River (including Canada) to the English and transferred command over the Louisiana Territory to Espana

- English language begin to cite Treaty of Paris every bit basis for their claim to Northwest Territory, replacing onetime claim that English controlled the land past Correct of Conquest over Iroquois²³

the Virginians claimed the Iroquois had defeated tribes due west to the Mississippi, and the Virginians acquired rights to that territory from the Iroquois
Source: A New and Accurate Map of North America (Carington Bowles, 1771)

The Announcement of 1763

- issued afterward Great Britain gained control over New France, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River

- created Government of Quebec to manage French Catholics living along St. Lawrence River, and stated Quebec would have an elected General Associates comparable to existing English colonies in North America

- banned colonial settlement west of the Eastern Continental Divide, including the Holston River, New River, Greenbriar River and other parts of the Ohio River watershed, and required settlers already there "forthwith to remove themselves from such Settlements"²⁴

- created Indian Reserve, including "all the Lands and Territories lying to the Westward of the Sources of the Rivers which fall into the Bounding main from the West and North West"

- authorized only regal officials to negotiate for purchase of state inside Indian Reserve, and banned private deals between Native American tribes and colonists/colonial governments ("if at any Time any of the Said Indians should exist inclined to dispose of the said Lands, the aforementioned shall be Purchased just for Us")

- intended to minimize conflicts with Native Americans (such equally Pontiac'due south Rebellion) by eliminating colonists' intrusion into traditional hunting territories, and thus minimize costs of military machine protection on western frontier

- spurred colonial officials and state speculators such every bit Ohio Company/Loyal Land Visitor to negotiate land cessions by Iroquois and Cherokee, in theory opening lands to legitimate colonial settlement without triggering Native American conflict (but Shawnee, Mingo, Delaware, and other Native American groups did not concur with later on treaties granting rights to settle every bit far due west as the rima oris of the Tennessee River)

the Proclamation Line of 1763 created and Indian Reserve, but British officials and colonial leaders then authorized new treaties that moved the settlement line further due west
Source: Library of Congress, Cantonment of His Majesty's forces in N. America according to the disposition now fabricated & to be compleated as soon equally practicable taken from the full general distribution dated at New York 29th. March 1766

1764 Treaty of Fort Niagara

- the Treaty of Paris concluded the Seven Years War in 1763 (known in America as the French and Indian War and in Canada every bit The Conquest), and by terms of the treaty the French-speaking habitants, seigneurs, and clergy in New France became British subjects.

- France had not negotiated formal treaties to certificate country cessions in the St. Lawrence River valley from Native American occupants to seigneurs or (later 1663) to the French crown. The King of France granted lands well-nigh French forts to religious orders, such as the Ursuline nuns in Quebec City, without acquiring title to those lands through treaties with local tribes. The religious orders then authorized settlers to use dissimilar parcels. (For example, the Ursuline order immune Abraham Martin to graze his livestock on the "Plains of Abraham," where the French and English fought outside Quebec Urban center in 1759.)

- Proclamation of 1763 acknowledged Native American ownership of lands in New France that U.k. acquired in Treaty of Paris, and Treaty of Fort Niagara was the first formal document to transfer lands to British ownership

- subsequently issuing the Announcement of 1763 the British required formal treaties with the Native Americans in North America before authorizing settlement on acquired lands (since 1607, colonies more often than not ignored/finessed demand for any formal legal transfers of Native American land claims)

- series of negotiations with over ii,000 Native Americans representing 24 nations (including the 6 Iroquois Nations and many groups living west of Fort Niagara at commencement of St. Lawrence River - but non the Shawnee or Delaware) strengthened "Covenant Concatenation" with the exchange of wampum belts

- British purchased rights to employ a 4 mile strip of land on the Niagara River linking Lake Ontario with Lake Erie, starting chain of title and setting the design for British acquisition of country from the Showtime Nations of Canada²⁵

1768 Treaty of Difficult Labor

- Pontiac's War in 1763-65 made clear that the British needed to negotiate boundaries with Native Americans; the Proclamation of 1763 alone would not reassure Native American tribes that colonial expansion would cake time to come intrusions into traditional territories

- British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Southern Department (John Stuart) was the official British representative who dealt with Cherokee to define new colonial/Native American boundaries

- the Board of Trade in London authorized Stuart in advance of negotiations to adjust the settlement boundary established in the Proclamation of 1763, moving line of colonial settlement further west to mouth of Kanawha River

- Virginia'southward Governor Botetourt directed ii Virginia negotiators to move the line farther westward than John Stuart planned, since the colony had already issued country grants in the area (including the 800,000-acre grant to the Loyal Land Company, the 100,000-acre grant to the Greenbrier Visitor, and the 100,000-acre Woods'south River Grant to Col. James Patton):²⁶

the principal object of your journey is to convince Mr. Stuart that the Line he proposes to run from Chiswell'due south mine to the mouth of the Bully Konhaway, will so much contract the limits of this Colony, as to make it extremely prejudicial to His Majesty'south Service, equally well equally injurious to the people who accept been encouraged to settle to the Westward of his propos'd Boundary.

- treaty was negotiated at identify in South Carolina (Hard Labor), midway between Charleston and Cherokee towns on upper Savannah River

- Cherokee ceded claims to land in western Virginia south of Ohio River, downstream to the mouth of the Kanawha River

- new settlement purlieus defined by straight line from oral cavity of Kanawha River southeast to Chiswell'southward mine (modern Austinville, Virginia) rather than using the Kanawha River itself equally the boundary, thus authorizing colonial settlement on some lands w of Kanawha River (including William Ingles' ferry, where I-81 now crosses the New River)

- another straight line defined edge of acceptable settlement, extended southwest from Chiswell'south mine to a point in the Bluish Ridge on the N Carolina/Due south Carolina border (reaffirming previous agreements with Carolinians regarding lands due east of the Blue Ridge)

- treaty retained Cherokee claims to about lands southwest of Kanawha river, including that part of Virginia southwest of modern Pulaski/Carroll counties already occupied by settlers such as Samuel Stalnaker

- Superintendent of Indian Diplomacy John Stuart bluntly rejected Virginia'south requests to move treaty line westward to confluence of Ohio River and Cherokee (Tennessee) River, asserting that settlers had moved illegally into Cherokee lands later Annunciation of 1763 and stating:²⁷

There is nada more certain than that the Cherokees have and yet practice claim the Lands between the Kanhaway and the Cherokee river, and I am convinced they never will relinquish their claims to the extent of the wishes of the Firm of Burgesses of Virginia

the Cherokee did not concur to abandon their merits to southwestern Virginia and Kentucky in the 1768 Treaty of Difficult Labor
Source: Library of Congress, A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole province of Maryland with part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and North Carolina. Drawn by Joshua Fry & Peter Jefferson in 1751

the 1768 Treaty of Difficult Labor still left much of Virginia westward of an authorized line of settlement
Source: Historical Maps of Pennsylvania, 1768.9

1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix

- British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Northern Department (Sir William Johnson) was the official British representative who dealt with Iroquois to ascertain new colonial/Native American boundaries in 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix

- British prepared for treaties with both Cherokee and Iroquois in 1768; Cherokee chiefs traveled to William Johnson's home in Iroquois territory and negotiated peace bargain between those two nations before negotiations opened for 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix with Iroquois and 1768 Treaty of Hard Labor with Cherokee

- Board of Merchandise agreed in advance to modify boundary of colonial settlement west, by the line defined in Declaration of 1763; authorized British officials to acquire claims to state due west to Ohio River every bit far down every bit rima oris of the Kanawha River

- two representatives from Virginia, Dr. Thomas Walker (investor in Loyal Land Company) and Andrew Lewis (investor in Greenbrier Company), were country speculators with personal interests for extending settlement boundary, wanted authorisation for colonists to acquire land beyond Kanawha River in Kentucky

- English affirmed Iroquois claims to western New York; Iroquois abandoned their claims to lands east and southward of Ohio River (which Iroquois used only for hunting and raiding against other tribes)

- colonial country speculators succeeded in efforts to push western settlement boundary past limit authorized past Lath of Trade (mouth of Kanawha River); treaty relinquished Iroquois claims for another 350 miles further west, downstream to confluence of Ohio and "Cherokee" (Tennessee) rivers

- Six Nations of Iroquois claimed say-so to sign treaty for dependent nations; Iroquois claimed those groups were obliged to comply but the Delaware, Shawnee, Mingo, Wyandot, and Ottawa did not sign the treaty on their ain

- Cherokee were not involved in Treaty of Fort Stanwix negotiations, but released their claims to some of the same lands in the 1768 Treaty of Hard Labor and subsequently in 1770 Treaty of Lochaber

- Shawnee had claims to territory being ceded by Iroquois and Cherokee and were not parties to 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768 Treaty of Hard Labor, or 1770 Treaty of Lochaber, but in 1774 (after Virginia's colonial governor launched Dunmore's War and the Virginians under Andrew Lewis won the Boxing of Bespeak Pleasant) Shawnee and other groups were forced to abandoned their claims to those lands south of Ohio River in the Treaty of Camp Charlotte

the Treaty of Fort Stanwix moved the Proclamation Line of 1763 boundary w from the ridgeline of the Alleghenies to the Ohio River - according to the Iroquois
Source: National Park Service, Casemates and Cannonballs: Archeological Investigations at Fort Stanwix National Monument (Chapter 2)

the Board of Trade authorized colonial officials to negotiate with the Cherokee and the Iroquois to allow settlement west of the Declaration of 1763 line down to the mouth of the Kanawha River (greenish line), but in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix the Iroquois ceded their claims to lands south of the Ohio River all the mode to oral cavity of the Tennessee River (red line)
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

Virginia land speculators anticipated the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix would revise the boundary of settlement established in the Proclamation of 1763, opening up the lands south of the Ohio River down to the Kanawha ("Konhaway") River
Source: Library of Congress, A new and accurate map of Virginia wherein most of the counties are laid down from actual surveys. With a concise business relationship of the number of inhabitants, the trade, soil, and produce of that Province (John Henry, 1770)

in 1768, the Iroquois claimed the right to authorize colonial settlement west to the Mississippi River
Source: University of Pittsburgh, Map of the frontiers of the northern colonies (John Henry, 1770)

1770 Treaty of Lochaber

- Virginia negotiators at 1768 Treaty of Difficult Labor reached agreement with Cherokee for second round of negotiations to qualify existing settlements on Holton River valley; those occurred at Alexander Cameron's plantation called Lochaber in Southward Carolina ii years later

- every bit expected, Cherokee ceded title to more lands in western Virginia betwixt Blue Ridge and Alleghenies, in New River valley plus lands drained by upper tributaries of Tennessee River

- line from oral fissure of the Kanawha River was moved west from Chiswell'due south mine westward, to a indicate well-nigh Long Island on the Holston River

- British Superintendent of Indian Diplomacy (Southern Department) John Stuart proposed Long Island every bit end signal of new boundary; John Donelson represented Gov. Botetourt

- Cherokee (including Oucconnastotah and Attakullakulla) refused to give up control over Long Island, so English language agreed to a point half dozen miles east

- southern boundary was defined equally the projected location of Virginia-Carolina border (36° 30"), once it was drawn further due west from Steep Rock Creek into Tennessee River valley

- in 1770 the Virginia-Carolina border was not defined near Holston River, because Peter Jefferson and Joshua Fry had stopped surveying further east at the Bluish Ridge in 1749

- in Treaty of Lochaber the Cherokee relinquished claims to a wedge of lands n of the Virginia-Carolina edge (36° thirty") and authorized Virginians to settle forth Holston River south down to Virginia-Carolina border, just Cherokee ceded no additional lands southward of the border

- afterward formal understanding was reached, surveyor Anthony Bledsoe adamant that Virginia-Carolina edge lay north of existing settlements on S Fork of Holston River, so Cherokee informally granted colonists the right to settle south of the border down to breadth of Long Island

- other informal negotiations granted colonists the right to settle as far west as the rima oris of the Kentucky River, bypassing Stuart's negotiations and partially accepting Virginia'due south desire to authorize settlement west to mouth of Tennessee River (as Iroquois had done in 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix)

- John Donelson surveyed an "Indian Line" in 1771 that supposedly represented Treaty of Lochaber line northward from Virginia-Carolina border to mouth of Kanawha River, but actually went from Holston River to mouth of the Kentucky River

- settlements at Watauga, Nolichucky, and Carter's Valley were further due south of line treated as Virginia-Carolina border, and were not authorized by Cherokee or British officials²⁸

the 1768 Treaty of Hard Labor and 1770 Treaty of Lochaber expanded the territory controlled by Virginia, while reducing the extent of the Cherokee hunting grounds
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

1774 Treaty of Camp Charlotte

- surveyors for land speculators in western Virginia were harassed by the Shawnee, while colonists created their own incidents (including Colonel Cresap'south murder of the family of Mingo chief Logan)

- Governor Dunmore decided to invade Shawnee-controlled territory; war allowed him to divert attention from anti-British revolutionary activities in Massachusetts and to prevent Pennsylvania from establishing a stronger claim to trans-Ohio territory

- Virginia troops led past Andrew Lewis defeated Shawnee led by Cornstalk and other Native Americans at Point Pleasant near rima oris of Kanawha River

- Shawnee recognized they could non defend towns confronting columns led by Lewis and Dunmore, so accustomed terms at Camp Charlotte (most today's Chillicothe, Ohio)

- Logan refused to nourish negotiations at Campsite Charlotte, but spoke separately and Thomas Jefferson made his spoken language famous in Notes on the State of Virginia

- Mingo resisted longer, until towns were destroyed

- no certificate with all treaty terms has survived, but Dunmore reported that Shawnee agreed at Camp Charlotte to his terms:²⁹

the Indians should deliver upward all prisoners without reserve; that they should restore all horses and other valuable effects which they had carried off; that they Should non chase on our Side the Ohio, nor molest any Boats passing thereupon; That they Should promise to agree to such regulations, for their trade with our People, equally Should exist future dictated past the Kings Instructions, and that they Should evangelize into our hands certain Hostages, to be kept past us untill we were convinced of their Sincere intention to adhere to all these Articles...

...and in render I have given them every promise of protection and practiced treatment on our Side.

1774 Quebec Human action

- the British revised the Annunciation of 1763, expanding the boundaries of the Province of Quebec

- the colonists in America considered granting religious freedom to Catholics and blocking the ability to speculate in western lands to be i of the "Intolerable Acts"

1775 Fort Pitt understanding

- once American Revolution had started, Continental Congress directed Patrick Henry, Benjamin Franklin, and James Wilson to ensure peace on western frontier

- Iroquois (claiming to represent western tribes, including Mingo, Wyandot, and Shawnee) and Delaware representatives agreed to stay neutral³⁰

1775 Treaty of Sycamore Shoals/Treaty of Watauga

- after Shawnee had been defeated in Lord Dunmore's War (1774), Cherokee anticipated that British settlers would be more aggressive in evading Proclamation of 1763

- Richard Henderson and the Transylvania Visitor purchased 20 million acres from the Cherokee, acquiring the territory due north of the Cumberland River, south of the Ohio River, and due west of the Kentucky River

- Path Deed was separate just simultaneous purchase of lands betwixt Holston River and new Transylvania Purchase; Henderson needed that territory to legitimize the Wilderness Route going from Long Island of the Holston River (now Kingsport, Tennessee) to Cumberland Gap

- in the Path Act, Cherokee Chiefs Attacullaculla, Oconistoto, and Savanooko sold to the Transylvania Company the traditional Cherokee town at Long Island of the Holston River that had been retained in 1770 Treaty of Lochaber

- Cherokees also authorized colonists to live in settlements forth the Watauga and Nolichucky rivers

- Dragging Canoe refused to concur with the 1775 treaties, unlike his father Attakullakulla (Little Carpenter), and warned that Kentucky would exist a "dark and bloody footing"

in the 1775 Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, the Cherokee sold lands due north of the Cumberland River where they had no towns and thin claims to buying
Source: Wikipedia, Sycamore Shoals

the Path Deed that was signed with the 1775 Treaty of Sycamore Shoals included the lands between the Holston River and Powell Mountain (shown in cerise), allowing access to Cumberland Gap and the Transylvania purchase (shown in yellow)
Map Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

1777 Treaty of Long Island/Treaty of Holston

- in 1776, Shawnee chief Cornstalk met with leaders of Cherokee and other tribes at Chota to marry with British in fight against settlers, and Dragging Canoe accepted state of war belt

- some Cherokee warriors raided isolated farmsteads from Carter's Valley on Holston River to Clinch River

- in Boxing of Island Flats, Dragging Canoe and Overhill Cherokee were unable to capture Fort Lee at Long Island of the Holston River; Fort Caswell/Fort Watauga on the Watauga River withstood a two-week siege

- militia forces from South Carolina, Due north Carolina, and Georgia organized and destroyed the Lower Towns of the Cherokee

- William Christian led forces from Virginia against the Overhill Towns, but Dragging Canoe burned them and fled with followers to Chickamauga

- Attacullaculla, Oconistoto, and Savanooko tried to negotiate peace with Virginia and N Carolina at Fort Patrick Henry on March 20, 1777, but Dragging Canoe would not participate

- Treaty of Long Island finally signed July xx, 177 at Fort Henry on Long Isle of the Holston

- Cherokee abandoned all claims to southwestern Virginia, and once once again ceded the traditional Cherokee town at Long Island of the Holston River and a corridor to Kentucky through Cumberland Gap

- Cherokee signed separate Treaty of Dewitt's Corner with South Carolina on May 20, 1777, in which Upper Town chiefs ceded lands east of Blue Ridge downwards to current Georgia-Southward Carolina border (including most of the Lower Towns, without the consent of the Cherokee leaders there)³¹

Cherokee state cessions between 1768-1785 included parts of Virginia
Source: Charles C. Royce, Cherokee Country Cessions

1778 Treaty of Fort Pitt

- Delaware granted rebellious Americans access through their claimed territory, between Allegheny River on due east and Hocking/Sandusky rivers on west, to set on British fort at Detroit

- Americans made offer to Delaware and "other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the nowadays confederation, and to class a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the caput, and take a representation in Congress"³²

the 1778 Treaty of Fort Pitt was the offset treaty with Native Americans ratified by the Continental Congress, and the Delaware granted permission to cantankerous their lands betwixt the Allegheny River on east and the Hocking/Sandusky rivers on the due west
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

1783 Treaty of Paris

- Americans, Neat Britain, and France negotiated finish to American Revolution

- in treaty with thirteen states, U.k. ceded control over lands extending due west to Mississippi River between Canada and southward to Spanish territory at 31° latitude

- no Native American tribe participated in decisions regarding sovereignty of lands where they lived

1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix

- after Revolutionary War, Americans attempted to minimize conflicts in Northwest Territory by separating settlers from Native Americans and defining lands where each grouping would live

- since 1783 Treaty of Paris only ended state of war between Great United kingdom and 13 erstwhile colonies, 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix was needed to end conflict with Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (within Six Nations, Oneida and Tuscarora had supported American side)

- Virginia ceded its Northwest Territory country claims to Continental Congress in March, 1784, prior to kickoff of treaty negotiations

- Federal representatives (including Arthur Lee of Virginia) concluded negotiations reaffirming purlieus line in 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, defining lands west of that line every bit beginning reservation for Native Americans create by American authorities

- Iroquois treated as "subdued nation" conquered by Americans in Revolutionary War, and so country seize as reparations and no compensation given to Iroquois³³

- Pennsylvania representatives acquired Iroquois claims within Pennsylvania, then Six Nations reservation was entirely within New York

- Americans adopted approach used past English subsequently 1763 Treaty of Paris and rejected Iroquois attempt to negotiate for tribes living w of Ohio River based on claims of previous conquest of that area; no Iroquois were at 1795 Treaty of Greenville negotiations³⁴

1785 Treaty of Fort McIntosh

- Iroquois release in 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix of lands west of the Ohio River did not finish claims past other nations to same Northwest Territory lands

- American negotiators signed treaty at Fort McIntosh (on Ohio River at oral fissure of Beaver Creek, 29 miles downstream from Pittsburgh) with Wyandot, Delaware (Lenape), Chippewa (Ojibwa), and Ottawa leaders

- Americans committed to block settlement betwixt Cayhoga and Maumee rivers, setting aside a Native American reserve

- Shawnee, Miami, and others refused to accept cession of eastern and southern Ohio by "unauthorized" leaders and fought Americans in fundamental Ohio for another decade³⁵

the 1785 Treaty of Fort McIntosh was intended to release eastern and southern Ohio for American settlement, while reserving a portion of the Northwest Territory "to the Wiandot and Delaware nations, to alive and to chase on, and to such of the Ottawa nation as now live thereon"
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online

1785 Treaty of Dumplin Creek

- Governor Sevier and other Country of Franklin negotiators met where Dumplin Creek flows into the French Broad River with a selected grouping of compliant Cherokee leaders, merely key Cherokee leaders such as One-time Tassel and Dragging Canoe were not invited

- Cherokee relinquished claims to "all the lands lying and being on the South side of the Holston and French Broad rivers, equally far Southward as the ridge that divides the h2o of Little [Tennessee] River from the waters of Tennessee [River]"³⁶

settlers occupying Cherokee land east of the Holston River were granted special consideration in the 1785 Treaty of Hopewell
Source: Library of Congress, Articles of a Treaty...

Shawnee, Miami, and other members of the Western Confederacy signed the 1795 Treaty of Grenville, after the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Source: William E. Peters, Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision (p.148)

afterward treaties forced Native Americans to get out that part of Ohio theoretically reserved for them in the 1795 Treaty of Grenville
Source: Library of Congress, Indian land cessions in the Usa (past Charles C. Royce, 1899)

a series of treaties pushed the country claims and hunting grounds of the Cherokee further and farther away from Virginia
Source: Library of Congress, "Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784-1894," Tennessee and bordering States

by the time of the American Revolution, colonial officials had negotiated treaties that supposedly extinguished Native American claims to near all of Virginia south of the Ohio River
Source: Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, Indian Cessions, 1750-1890 (Plate 47a, digitized by University of Richmond)

many Native American groups that once occupied lands claimed by Virginia were forced to moved west of the Mississippi River, especially after passage of the Indian Removal Deed of 1830
Source: Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Volume and Manuscript Library, Illustrations of the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians (artist: George Catlin)

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Source: http://www.virginiaplaces.org/settleland/treaties.html

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